“醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)：人的壽命是否有極限？”相信是準(zhǔn)備學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)的朋友比較關(guān)注的事情，為此，醫(yī)學(xué)教育網(wǎng)小編整理內(nèi)容如下：

Do Human Beings Carry Expiration Dates？

After celebrating her 60th year on the throne in style this pastweek， Britain's Queen Elizabeth II can now look forward tobreaking some more records. She is already， at 86， Britain'soldest monarch （were she to die now， her son wouldimmediately be the 12th oldest）。 On Sept. 10， 2015， she wouldpass Queen Victoria to become the longest-reigning monarch inBritish history. To beat Louis XIV （who succeeded to the throneat the age of 4） for the longest reign in European history， she would have to live to 98.

Elizabeth II is still going strong， but the maximum human lifespan isn't rising at anything like therate of average life expectancy， which is rushing upward globally at the rate of about three monthsa year， mainly because of progress against premature mortality. Indeed， we may already have hitsome kind of limit for maximum lifespan —— perhaps because natural selection， with its strict focus onreproductive success， has no particular need to preserve genes that would keep us going to 150.

The oldest woman in the world， Besse Cooper， a retired schoolteacher in Georgia， will be 116 onAug. 26， according to the Gerontology Research Group， an organization that studies aging issues. That's a great age， but it's a hefty six years short of the record： 122 years and 164 days， set byJeanne Calment of France in 1997. In other words， if Mrs. Cooper can get there， Mrs. Calment'srecord will have stood for 21 years； if she can't， maybe longer.

That's a long time， considering that there are now nearly a half million centenarians alive in theworld. That number has been going up 7% a year， but the number of those over 115 is notincreasing.

If Mrs. Cooper does not take the record， there are only two other 115-year-olds alive to take onthe challenge， and one of them is a man： Jiroemon Kimura， a retired postman from Kyoto. He'swithin seven months of beating the age record for his sex， set by Christian Mortensen， who died in 1998. But Mr. Kimura is less likely than a woman to make 122， and there are fewer women over 115 today （two） than there were in 2006 （four） or even 1997 （three）。

At least two people died after their 110th birthdays in the 1800s， if you're willing to trust the birthcertificates. So the increase of 12 years in maximum life expectancy during the 20th century wasjust one-third as large as the increase in average life expectancy during the period （36 years）。

In 2002， James Vaupel of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in Rostock， Germany， startled demographers by pointing out that every estimate published of the level atwhich average life expectancy would level out has been broken within a few years. Jay Olshanskyof the University of Illinois， however， argues that since 1980 this has no longer been true foralready-old people in rich countries like the U.S.： Official estimates of remaining years of life for awoman aged 65 should be revised downward.

Thanks to healthier lifestyles， more and more people are surviving into old age. But that is notincompatible with there being a sort of expiration date on human lifespan. Most scientists think thedecay of the body by aging is not itself programmed by genes， but the repair mechanisms thatdelay decay are. In human beings， genes that help keep you alive as a parent or even grandparenthave had a selective advantage through helping children thrive， but ones that keep you alive as agreat-grandparent —— who likely doesn't play much of a role in the well-being and survival of great-grandchildren —— have probably never contributed to reproductive success.

In other words， there is perhaps no limit to the number of people who can reach 90 or 100， butgetting more than a handful of people past 120 may never be possible， and 150 is probablyunattainable， absent genetic engineering —— even for a monarch.

在風(fēng)風(fēng)光光慶祝完自己登基60周年后，英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白二世（Queen Elizabeth II）現(xiàn)在可以期待打破更多紀(jì)錄了。86歲的她已經(jīng)是英國(guó)歷史上最年長(zhǎng)的君主了（如果她現(xiàn)在離世，她的兒子就會(huì)立即成為第12位年長(zhǎng)的君主）。到2015年9月10日，她將會(huì)超越維多利亞女王（QueenVictoria），成為英國(guó)歷史上在位時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的君主。要打敗四歲時(shí)繼承王位的路易十四（Louis XIV）成為歐洲歷史上在位時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的君主，她需要活到98歲。

伊麗莎白二世身體依然很硬朗，但人類最長(zhǎng)壽命并不像平均預(yù)期壽命一樣在不斷增長(zhǎng)，后者在全球范圍內(nèi)以每年約三個(gè)月的幅度在增長(zhǎng)，主要是由于對(duì)抗過(guò)早死亡方面取得的進(jìn)展。的確，我們或許已經(jīng)達(dá)到了某種最長(zhǎng)壽命的極限，這可能是因?yàn)閲?yán)格以繁殖成功為中心的自然選擇過(guò)程沒(méi)有必要特別保存能讓我們活到150歲的基因。

根據(jù)研究老齡化問(wèn)題的老年學(xué)研究組織（Gerontology Research Group）的數(shù)據(jù)，世界最長(zhǎng)壽的女性、來(lái)自佐治亞州的退休教師貝斯。庫(kù)珀（Besse Cooper）將在8月26日年滿116歲。這是很長(zhǎng)壽的年紀(jì)了，但是依然比世界紀(jì)錄小六歲多：122歲零164天，它是由法國(guó)的雅娜?？柮ⅲ↗eanneCalment）創(chuàng)下的紀(jì)錄。換句話說(shuō)，如果庫(kù)珀能活到這個(gè)年紀(jì)，那么卡爾芒的紀(jì)錄就保持了21年，如果活不到，可能保持的時(shí)間會(huì)更長(zhǎng)。

這會(huì)是漫長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間，因?yàn)槟壳叭澜缬薪?0萬(wàn)百歲老人在世。這個(gè)數(shù)字在以每年7%的幅度增長(zhǎng)，但115歲以上老人的人數(shù)并沒(méi)有增加。

如果庫(kù)珀沒(méi)有刷新紀(jì)錄，就只有兩位在世的115歲老人接受這項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)，其中一位是男性：來(lái)自日本京都的退休郵差木村次郎右衛(wèi)門(mén)（Jiroemon Kimura）。他還有七個(gè)月就將打破由1998年去世的克里斯蒂安。莫滕森（Christian Mortensen）創(chuàng)下的男性最長(zhǎng)壽命紀(jì)錄。但木村次郎右衛(wèi)門(mén)活到122歲的可能性沒(méi)有女性大，而目前超過(guò)115歲的女性（兩位）沒(méi)有2006年（四位）多，甚至還不如1997年（三位）。

從出生證明來(lái)看，19世紀(jì)至少有兩個(gè)人在110歲生日后逝世。因此，20世紀(jì)最長(zhǎng)壽命12年的增長(zhǎng)幅度只不過(guò)是同期平均壽命增幅（36年）的三分之一。

2002年，德國(guó)羅斯托克馬克斯-普朗克人口研究所（Max Planck Institute for DemographicResearch）的詹姆斯。沃佩爾（James Vaupel）指出，每次公開(kāi)發(fā)布的對(duì)平均壽命趨穩(wěn)水平的估計(jì)都會(huì)在幾年內(nèi)被打破，這令人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家感到吃驚。然而，伊利諾伊大學(xué)（University of Illinois）的杰伊。奧爾山斯基（Jay Olshansky）則認(rèn)為，從1980年開(kāi)始，在美國(guó)等富裕國(guó)家，這種規(guī)律已經(jīng)不適用于已經(jīng)進(jìn)入高齡的老人了：官方對(duì)年齡在65歲的女性剩余壽命的估算應(yīng)該下調(diào)。

由于生活方式越來(lái)越健康，活到高齡的人越來(lái)越多。但這與人類壽命存在某種期限并不矛盾。大多數(shù)科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，人體隨年齡增大而衰老本身并不是由基因決定的，但延緩衰老的修復(fù)機(jī)制卻是由基因決定的。對(duì)人類來(lái)說(shuō)，幫助人作為父母甚至祖父母活著的基因有助于孩子健壯成長(zhǎng)因而具備了選擇性優(yōu)勢(shì)，但幫助人作為曾祖父母活著的基因可能永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)有助于繁殖成功，因?yàn)樵娓改冈谠鴮O的健康和生存上可能發(fā)揮不了什么作用。

換句話說(shuō)，活到90歲或100歲者的人數(shù)或許沒(méi)有上限，但讓一大批人活到120歲以上或許永遠(yuǎn)都不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)，沒(méi)有遺傳工程的幫助，人是很難活到150歲的，即便君主也做不到。

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